What glaucoma is
Glaucoma is a condition that damages the optic nerve, the nerve that carries images from the eye to the brain. The damage is usually linked to raised pressure inside the eye, called intraocular pressure, which puts strain on the nerve. If the damage continues, glaucoma leads to permanent loss of vision. It can run in families, and it often causes no symptoms for a long time. Untreated over several years, glaucoma can cause permanent blindness. It is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide.
When glaucoma is detected early, treatment can usually slow or stop further damage and preserve sight. That is the main reason regular eye examinations matter.
Causes and risk factors
Most glaucoma results from a blockage of the channel that drains fluid from the front of the eye. Fluid builds up and pressure rises. The reason for the blockage is often unknown. Less common causes include chemical injuries, eye infections and inflammatory conditions. Most people with glaucoma notice no symptoms. The risk is higher in people who:
- Are over 40
- Have a family history of glaucoma
- Are nearsighted or farsighted
- Have diabetes or high blood pressure
- Have thin corneas
- Have had a previous eye injury
Types of glaucoma
Several types exist; the two most common are:
- Open-angle glaucoma, the most common form. The drainage canals clog slowly over time and eye pressure rises gradually. There are no noticeable early signs, and only a comprehensive eye examination can detect it.
- Angle-closure glaucoma, a less common form caused by a sudden blockage of the drainage canals in people with a narrow or closed angle between the iris and cornea. The pressure rises quickly and it needs immediate medical treatment, because it can cause complete loss of vision in the affected eye.
Diagnosis and treatment
After reviewing your medical history, a comprehensive eye examination checks for signs of glaucoma: eye pressure, the condition of the optic nerve, visual field testing, corneal thickness and the drainage angle.
Damage already done by glaucoma cannot be reversed. Treatment aims to slow further damage and prevent vision loss, usually by lowering eye pressure. Depending on the type, severity and stage of the condition, this may involve eye drops, oral medication, laser treatment or surgery.
Prevention and self-care
Because lost vision cannot be restored, prevention and early detection are vital. The following help to prevent vision loss or slow its progress:
- Regular eye examinations. Comprehensive examinations can detect glaucoma before significant damage occurs. If you have any of the risk factors above, you need more frequent screening.
- Know your family history. It helps your doctor plan the right monitoring and precautions for you.
- Regular exercise. Exercise can help keep eye pressure within the normal range and is particularly useful for people with diabetes or high blood pressure. Ask your ophthalmologist which types of exercise suit you.
- Eye protection. Just as sunglasses shield the eyes from UV radiation, wear protective eyewear for activities that carry a risk of eye injury, such as using power tools or playing sports. Eye injuries can lead to glaucoma later.
- Take prescribed medication as directed. Skipping eye drops or tablets lets eye pressure change and can worsen the condition. Use the prescribed drops regularly even when you have no pain or symptoms.
Spanish Eye Clinic in Dubai has a team of ophthalmologists who aim to detect glaucoma at its earliest stage and to choose a treatment plan that protects your remaining vision.